From number crunching to information technology and beyond.

Silvio Hènin
Roche S.p.A. (Monza - Italy)

Appendix. Links to History of Automatic Calculation
 
 

Associations, Journals and Shops
 
Annals of the History of the Computer <http://www.computer.org/annals/an1998/a3toc.htm>
Charles Babbage Institute <http://www.cbi.umn.edu/>
CMC Magazine- Computerization at Work <http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/aug/kling.html>
Computer History Association of California (CHAC) <http://www.chac.org/>
Curta News Letters <http://www.public.usit.net/rfurr/cu-news.htm>
Historical Computing Society <http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/hcs.htm>
IEEE SSIT Home Page <http://radburn.rutgers.edu/andrews/projects/ssit/default.htm>
National Archive for the History of Computing <http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering
/CHSTM/nahc.htm>
Sphere Research's Slide Rule Universe On-Line Swap Meet <http://www.sphere.bc.ca/test/swap.html>
Technical, Calculating Devices, Electronic, HP <http://www.dantiques.com/hpcalc.htm>
Unisys History Newsletter <http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore/>

 
 
Mechanical Calculators (History & Collectors)
 
Be-Calc <http://www.devidts.com/be-calc/>
Calculator Musium (Japanese) <http://www.geocities.co.jp/Technopolis/1532/index.html>
Casio WWW Resources (Comptometer) <http://www.i.net.au/calculator-mechanic/index.htm>
Circular Slide Rule <http://www.interserver.com.ar/host/acbolive/sliderul.htm>
Collecting Calculator <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Park/7227/>
Curta Calculators <http://www.teleport.com/~gregsa/curta/index.htm>
Datamath Calculator Museum <http://datamath.org/>
Electronic Calculator History and Technology Museum <http://aknight.home.mindspring.com/calc.htm>
Eric's Pocket Calculator collection <http://www.euronet.nl/users/raver/calcs.html>
Exposition Machines a Calculer <http://www.inforsud.fr/mery/>
Friden Web Site <http://www.fridenites.com/>
Geschichte der Curta - Story of the curta calculator <http://curta.com/curta.html>
Gregory Escov's homepage <http://members.tripod.com/GregEscov/>
Grünes Heft <http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/mathematik/mmm/
gruen_haman.htm>
Exposition Machines a Calculer <http://www.inforsud.fr/mery/>
Hewlett Packard and Texas Instruments Calculators <http://members.aol.com/hpgene/index.html/>
Liam's Slide Rule and Abacus <http://indigo.ie/~billyb/slide-rules/>
Machines à calculer mécaniques et machines à calculer électro-mécaniques <http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Michel_Bardel/
machines/machines.htm>
Museum of Pocket Calculating Devices <http://www.calculators.de/>
Museum of Soviet Calculators <http://www.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.html>
Odhner Calculators <http://members.home.net/wtodhner/>
Original Documents on the History of Calculators <http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/horizon/1404/>
Planet Sinclair - Contents <http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/index2.htm>
Programmable Calculators <http://www.rskey.org/>
Rana's Vintage Technologies Web Site <http://www.bigdog.tulsa.ok.us/>
Swedish Typewriter Page - Olika märken <http://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/collection.html>
The Abacus Index <http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/index.html>
The (Ever-Expanding) Calculator Collection <http://www.geocities.com/~bjwood/calcs.html>
The Calculator Reference <http://www.public.usit.net/rfurr/>
The Museum of HP Calculators <http://www.hpmuseum.org/>
The Old Calculators Web Museum <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7510/>
The System Source Computer Museum, Hunt Valley, Maryland <http://www.syssrc.com/museum/index.html>
Tomoe Soroban <http://www.soroban.com/index_eng.html>
Vintage calculators <http://www.vintagecalculators.com/>
Victor Technology - The Museum <http://www.victortech.com/museumFiles/timeline_html/
museumTimeline.html>
X-Number World <http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/>

 
 
Indices and Links
 
Ada Byron Lovelace <http://www.cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/HyPlans/
tap/ada-lovelace.html>
Antikythera Mechanism Links <http://www.giant.net.au/users/rupert/kythera/kythera5.htm>
Calculator Collecting <http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=calculator;list>
Calculator Links <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Park/7227/links.html>
Charles Babbage <http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/jonathan.bowen/
babbage.html#diff-engine>
Past Notable Women of Computing <http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women.html>
Pioneers of Computing <http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/
computing/pioneers.html>
The Virtual Museum of Computing <http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk>
Yahoo! Computers and Internet - History <http://dir.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/history/>

 
 
Computer Museums & References
 
Computer Museum of America <http://www.computer-museum.org/>
Computo, ergo sum - i poster <http://www.fondazionegalileogalilei.it/mostre/
mstr2000/mstr2000.html>
Computer History Museum Center <http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/docent.html>
MoS The Computer Museum <http://www.mos.org/tcm/tcm.html>
Museo nazionale degli Strumenti per il Calcolo <http://www.fondazionegalileogalilei.it/museo/museo.html>
Musée des arts et métiers - Collections - Catalogue <http://www.cnam.fr/museum/data/catalogue.html?domaine=I&2>
NCSU Libraries - Special Collections Department - A. Wayne Brooke Collection <http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/archives/collections/html/brooke.html>
The Computer Museum History Center Home Page <http://www.computerhistory.org/>
The History of Computing <http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/index.html>
UvA Computer Museum <http://www.science.uva.nl/faculteit/museum/>

 
 
History of Computers
 
Moore School lecture (1946) <http://www.computer50.org/mark1/moore.school/intro.html>
Leonardo's Computer <http://members.nbci.com/tinytron/>
UVA Computer Science- Computer Museum (Burroughs) <http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html>
50th Anniversary Celebrations of the Manchester Baby computer and the Manchester Mark 1 and Ferranti Mark 1 <http://www.computer50.org/>
A Short History of the Computer <http://www.softlord.com/comp/>
Alan Turing Scrapbook - Memorials to Alan Turing <http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html>
AlanTuring.net <http://www.alanturing.net/>
Analytical Engine <http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/>
Ancient Greek Computer <http://www.giant.net.au/users/rupert/kythera/kythera3.htm>
Antikythera Mechanism <http://horology.org/htu-anti.html>
Antikythera Photo <http://www.culture.gr/2/21/214/21405m/00/lm05m04c.jpg>
Atanasoff Berry Computer <http://www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml>
Babbage by Schaffer Part 1 <http://www.wmin.ac.uk/media/schaffer/schaffer01.html>
Babbage chapter <http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/babbage.htm>
Calculating Machines <http://www.webcom.com/calc/>
Carl Friend's Computer Collection <http://www.ultranet.com/~engelbrt/carl/museum/>
Charles Babbage Institute <http://www.cbi.umn.edu/index.html>
Chronology of Digital Computing Machines <http://www.best.com/~wilson/faq/chrono.html>
Chronology of Personal Computers <http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/>
CmpSci 535 Lecture 1 <http://www.cs.umass.edu/~weems/CmpSci535/
535lecture1.html>
Comprehensive Computer Catalogue <http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/data/240.htm>
Computer Conservation Society (UK) <http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/>
Computer History Exhibits Photo Master Index Page <http://www-db.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/
display/index.htm>
Computer Structures Readings Examples (Contents) <http://www.research.microsoft.com/~gbell/
Computer_Structures_Readings_and_Examples/contents.html>
Computer Z23 crosses the Atlantic to Mountain View - USA <http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Z23_USA.html>
Computers in Spaceflight (NASA) <http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/
Part1.html>
Discovery of a Lost Factoring Machine <http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit/Papers/carissan.html>
Economics 3LL3 -- Babbage <http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/
3ll3/babbage/index.html>
EDSAC 99 <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/>
Edsac Simulator <http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/>
EEC <http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~hilpert/eec/>
ENIAC 50th Anniversary Celebration <http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/index.html>
Entwicklung der Rechentechnik <http://www.idv.uni-linz.ac.at/bueroaut/rech/ftechn.htm>
First message ever sent over the ARPANET <http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/LK/Inet/1stmesg.html>
From Tabulators to Early Computers in the U.S. Life Insurance Industry <http://ccs.mit.edu/papers/CCSWP153.html>
Gears from the Greeks <http://www.math.utsa.edu/ecz/ak.html>
Great Microprocessors of the Past <http://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/jbayko/cpu.html>
HCS Virtual Computer History <http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/museum.htm>
Historic Computer Images <http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-computers/>
History of Computation - Introduction <http://dee.csc.liv.ac.uk/~ped/teachadmin/histsci/
htmlform/lect1.html>
History of Computers <http://www.gmcc.ab.ca/~supy/lec02.htm>
History of Computing Information <http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/>
History of Computing <http://www.thocp.net/>
History of the Silicon Valley <http://www-forum.stanford.edu/About/History/terman.html>
History <http://library.thinkquest.org/18268/History/hist_m.htm>
i-MB The History of Computing <http://www.bozdoc.f2s.com/history.htm>
IBM Archives -- Overview <http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/>
Ingenieros ilustres Leonardo Torres Quevedo <http://glhis.hispalinux.es/>
Jefferson Computer Museum <http://www.threedee.com/jcm/>
Konrad Zuse Internet Archive <http://www.zib.de/zuse/English_Version/index.html>
Konrad Zuse Preface <http://www.epemag.com/zuse/>
Konrad Zuse und seine Rechner <http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/index.html>
Konrad-Zuse History of Computing <http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/index.html>
LEO Computers Society <http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/index.html>
Machine That Changed the World <http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/TMTCTW.html>
Marcian E. (TED) Hoff <http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/hoff.html>
Mathematisches Maschinen-Museum <http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/mathematik/mmm/>
Mind Machine Web Museum <http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hl/mmm.html>
Napier's Bones and the Genaille-Lucas Rulers <http://www.nmt.edu/~borchers/napier/napier.html>
NCR Corporation historical highlights <http://www.att.com/press/0993/930922.nca.html>
New Zealand's Leslie Comrie opens the world's first computer bureau <http://hammer.prohosting.com/~penz/computer/comrie.htm>
Obsolete Computer Museum <http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/>
Old Programmer Reunion <http://www.palosverdes.com/lasthurrah/index.html#bottom>
Olivetti Programma 101 <http://www.silab.it/frox/p101/>
Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Ch. VIII <http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/lpae.html>
Paul Pierce's Computer Collection <http://www.teleport.com/~prp/collect/index.html>
Pdp's <http://perso.curie.fr/Stephane.Tsacas/pdp.html>
Penn Special Collections-Mauchly Exhibition Introduction <http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/
mauchly/jwmintro.html>
Physikalische Analogien und Ziffernrechenmaschinen <http://iug.uni-paderborn.de/iug/veroffentlichungen/
2000/anbr_greifswald/text.html>
RAND's 50th Anniversary <http://www.rand.org/50TH/index.html>
Raul Roja's article on Zuse <http://www.zib.de/prospekt/zuse/zusez1z3.html>
Rebuilding the ABC <http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/ABC.html>
Rice University Computer <http://www.princeton.edu/~adam/R1/r1rpt.html>
Serra -Pascalina <http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yves.serra/>
Silicon Valley and Route 128 <http://www.geog.buffalo.edu/Geo666/mackun/batty4b.html>
Simulation of the Antikythera Mechanism <http://etl.uom.gr/mr/Antikythera/index.html>
Software History Center Home Page <http://www.softwarehistory.org/>
Storia del calcolo automnatico e delle sue applicazioni informatiche <http://www.museoscienza.org/computer/calcolo/Default.htm>
Table des MatiÆres de l'Histoire Bull <http://perso.club-internet.fr/febcm/tabsyn/tabsyn.htm>
The History of the Development of Parallel Computing <http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Parallel.html>
The History of Mouse <http://www.cs.iastate.edu/%7Ecs104/01_spring/
History/1968mouse.html>
The Apple History <http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/%7Esjr/intro.html>
The First PC <http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml>
The History of GUI <http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/%7Esjr/intro.html>
The Virtual Museum of Computing <http://vlmp.museophile.com/computing.html>
Ticket Window of the Virtual Computer History Museum <http://video.dlib.vt.edu/~history/>
Totalisator History - A World's First - Index <http://www.ozemail.com.au/~bconlon/>
UNIVAC Memories <http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/>
Virtual Mousepad Museum <http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/>
Von Hollerith zu IBM @ Stefan Winterstein <http://www-stz.dfki.uni-sb.de/~winter/papers/
hollerith-ibm/index.html>

 
 
Internet History
 
As We May Think <http://www.isg.sfu.ca/~duchier/misc/vbush/>
History of the Internet Contents <http://www.historyoftheinternet.com/contents.html>
Hobbes' Internet Timeline - The definitive Internet History <http://www.isoc.org/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html>
Hypertext Timeline <http://www.mcs.net/%7Ejorn/html/net/timeline.html>
Netizens Netbook Table of Contents <http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/>
Netizens Netbook <http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/>
Project Xanadu <http://www.xanadu.net/>
The History of the Net <http://www.ocean.ic.net/ftp/doc/nethist.html>
USENET, History <http://www.vrx.net/usenet/history/>